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Dravidian architecture
Dravidian architecture was an architectural idiom that emerged in the Southern part of the Indian subcontinent or South India. It consists primarily of temples with pyramid shaped towers and are constructed of sandstone, soapstone or granite. Mentioned as one of three styles of temple building in the ancient book Vastu shastra, the majority of the existing structures are located in the Southern Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Telangana, and Andhra pradesh. Various kingdoms and empires such as the Cholas, the Chera, the Kakatiyas, the Pandyas, the Pallavas, the Gangas, the Rashtrakutas, the Chalukyas, the Hoysalas, and Vijayanagara Empire among others have made substantial contribution to the evolution of Dravidian architecture. This styled architecture can also be found in parts of North India (Teli ka Mandir Gwalior, Bhitargaon Baitala Deula, Bhubaneshwar), Northeastern and central Sri Lanka, Maldives, and various parts of Southeast Asia. Angkor Wat in Cambodia and Prambanan in Indonesia were built based on ''Dravida'' architecture.
==History==
Throughout Tamilakam, a king was considered to be divine by nature and possessed religious significance. The king was 'the representative of God on earth’ and lived in a “koyil”, which means the “residence of God”. The Modern Tamil word for temple is koil ((タミル語:கோயில்)). Titular worship was also given to kings. Other words for king like “kō” ((タミル語:கோ) “king”), “iṟai” ( “emperor”) and “āṇḍavar” ( “conqueror”) now primarily refer to God. Tolkappiyar refers to the Three Crowned Kings as the “Three Glorified by Heaven”, (). In the Dravidian-speaking South, the concept of divine kingship led to the assumption of major roles by state and temple.
''Mayamata'' and ''Manasara shilpa'' texts estimated to be in circulation by 5th to 7th century AD, is a guidebook on Dravidian style of Vastu Shastra design, construction, sculpture and joinery technique.〔Stella Kramrisch (1976), The Hindu Temple Volume 1 & 2, ISBN 81-208-0223-3〕〔Tillotson, G. H. R. (1997). Svastika Mansion: A Silpa-Sastra in the 1930s. South Asian Studies, 13(1), pp 87-97〕 ''Isanasivagurudeva paddhati'' is another text from the 9th century describing the art of building in India in south and central India.〔〔Ganapati Sastri (1920), Īśānaśivagurudeva paddhati, Trivandrum Sanskrit Series, 〕 In north India, ''Brihat-samhita'' by Varāhamihira is the widely cited ancient Sanskrit manual from 6th century describing the design and construction of ''Nagara'' style of Hindu temples.〔Michael Meister (1983), (Geometry and Measure in Indian Temple Plans: Rectangular Temples ), Artibus Asiae, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp 266-296〕〔Heather Elgood (2000), Hinduism and the religious arts, ISBN 978-0304707393, Bloomsbury Academic, pp 121-125〕〔H Kern (1865), (The Brhat Sanhita of Varaha-mihara ), The Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta〕 Traditional Dravidian architecture and symbolism are also based on Agamas. The Agamas are non-vedic in origin 〔Mudumby Narasimhachary (Ed) (1976). Āgamaprāmāṇya of Yāmunācārya, Issue 160 of Gaekwad's Oriental Series. Oriental Institute, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.〕 and have been dated either as post-vedic texts 〔Tripath, S.M. (2001). Psycho-Religious Studies Of Man, Mind And Nature. Global Vision Publishing House. ISBN 9788187746041. ()〕 or as pre-vedic compositions.〔Nagalingam, Pathmarajah (2009). The Religion of the Agamas. Siddhanta Publications. ()〕 The ''Agamas'' are a collection of Tamil and Sanskrit scriptures chiefly constituting the methods of temple construction and creation of ''murti'', worship means of deities, philosophical doctrines, meditative practices, attainment of sixfold desires and four kinds of yoga.〔Grimes, John A. (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791430682. LCCN 96012383. ()〕
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